Loss of Power to Battery after Jumpstarting car

I jump started an Impala and ever since then my car started acting up. Shortly after jump starting, I had a difficult time starting the vehicle. Once started, it ran but was very sluggish when accelerating as if there was little power to the battery. Drove it for about 30 minutes, parked it and in the morning the battery was complete dead. I unhooked the battery and hooked it back up. Once I did this, all the dash lights came back on inside of the vehicle but when I went to start the car, it attempted to start over but did not fire up. Also, there were apparently sparks coming from the cables as I turned the ignition. Im not sure if I jumpstarted the other vehicle incorrectly or what. Do I just need to try to jumpstart my car and hope for the best or is there something more going on here? If it is just a fuse, where would I locate them and how do I gain access to them? I just bought this vehicle about 2 weeks ago so I don't have a lot of information regarding the condition of the charging components.