At what speed would the airbags deploy?

The deployment of airbags is not solely determined by a specific speed. Airbags are triggered by a combination of factors, including the severity of the impact, the angle of the collision, and the deceleration of the vehicle. Modern airbag systems are designed to deploy in moderate to severe frontal collisions, where the vehicle's sensors detect a rapid deceleration indicating a significant impact.

For a 2002 GMC Sierra 1500 HD, the airbags are likely designed to deploy in collisions that meet specific criteria for impact severity and deceleration. These criteria are programmed into the vehicle's airbag control module. The threshold for deployment could be around 8 to 14 mph (13 to 23 km/h) of deceleration, but it's important to note that this can vary depending on the specific system and its configuration.

It's also worth mentioning that airbag deployment is not solely dependent on speed. Factors such as the angle of impact, the location of the impact (frontal, side, rear), and the type of collision (head-on, offset, etc.) Play significant roles in determining whether the airbags will deploy.

Modern vehicle bumpers are indeed designed to withstand minor impacts and provide some level of protection to both the vehicle's occupants and the vehicle itself. However, the specific impact resistance and threshold for damage can vary based on several factors, including the design of the bumper, the vehicle's weight and construction, and the speed of impact.

The concept you mentioned, where bumpers are designed to withstand impacts up to around 5 mph without sustaining significant damage, is often associated with the "5 mph bumper standard." This standard was introduced in the 1970s in the United States as a regulation to reduce repair costs and improve safety in low-speed collisions. However, it's important to note that this standard has evolved over time and may not directly apply to all modern vehicles, as there have been changes in regulations and vehicle design since then.

In modern vehicles, bumper systems are designed to absorb and distribute energy during a collision, which can help reduce the potential for injury to occupants and minimize damage to the vehicle. Additionally, some vehicles are equipped with advanced safety features like parking sensors, backup cameras, and automatic emergency braking systems that can aid in preventing or mitigating low-speed collisions.