A Camshaft is commonly used to operate poppet valves in a piston engine. A cylindrical
rod is situated in the cylinder block or cylinder head which has oblong lobes or
cams which push a tappet or lifter to raise and lower the intake and exhaust valves. This force is applied on the valve
directly or through an intermediate mechanism such as a rocker arm, lifter (cam
follower) and push rods are used to press against the valve for movement. Each valve
utilizes a spring which will return them to their original position (closed) after
the force is removed.
Typical Camshaft Configuration
Cams are designed according to the RPM and horsepower range desired. When the
intake valve is pushed open, the piston travels down pulling an air/fuel charge
into the cylinder. This intake charge is a mixture of air and fuel and is ready
for combustion. The faster the engine is running the faster the air and fuel mixture
moves into the engine which also means that the intake and exhaust valves open and
close quicker. This parameter is known as the valve duration and is controlled by
the cam lobe width profile.
Engine Configuration with Camshaft Operation
Car manufacturers have developed a
variable cam timing system that adjusts the
cam to crankshaft timing depending on change in the engine speed and load. The engine
computer plays a vital role in the engine's performance as it adjusts the camshaft
timing depending on the vehicle's engine speed and load. In any range of engine
speeds only one camshaft position (in relationship to the crankshaft) is optimum
for power and economy. Pressurized engine oil is control by the engine computer
through an oil control valve which allows engine oil to flow to the cam timing actuator,
as the oil is forced into the actuator the camshaft timing advances, when the pressure
is released a return spring supplies force to return the actuator to standard position..
Variable Timing Camshaft
There are many types of camshaft arrangements; some common types are single overhead
cam or SOHC, double overhead cam or DOHC and pushrod, rocker arm style of systems.
In a single overhead cam type, the engine is equipped with only one cam per cylinder
head. Therefore, there is one cam in a four cylinder engine, also with straight
six cylinder engine. In v6 or v8 engine configurations there will be one camshaft
for each cylinder head, two camshafts and double the camshafts for DOHC engines.
The valve spring maintains pressure against the valve forcing the valve to contact
the valve seat, sealing the intake or exhaust port. If the valve spring is weak
or is broken the valve will lose pressure and will cause the engine to run poorly.
Variable Cam Timing Phaser Operation
The specialty of a double overhead cam engine is that it has two cams per head.
This means that the inline engines are equipped with two cams, four cams in V style
engines. The use of double overhead cams is more common in engines which have more
than two valves per cylinder. This is because a single camshaft doesn't have the
ability to include sufficient cam lobes that can accommodate all the valves present
in a three or four valve per cylinder engine. Double overhead cams give the advantage
of adding more exhaust and intake valves. More valves allow the exhaust and intake
gases to flow freely because of the increase in the number of openings, this in
turn improves engine power and economy.
Four Valves Per Cylinder Configuration
A pushrod style of engine has a different valve opening configuration; the camshaft
is housed in the engine block instead of the cylinder head. The camshaft utilizes
lobe followers or lifters that connect to the rocker arms through a push rod.
Typical In Block Camshaft Configuration
This system is not as efficient because of the increase in weight of the system.
In turn, increases the valve springs load, slowing the engine down. Overhead camshaft
engines are more efficient and can produce more power.
Basic Maintenance
A camshaft is driven by the crankshaft of the engine by a timing chain or timing
belt. The timing belt or chain needs to be replaced per manufacturer's specifications
because they wear out and fail without warning and stall the engine. Because a timing
chain configuration is more durable when compared to the timing belt style a timing
belt will need to be replaced more often, comparatively. Timing belts are more common
in overhead cam engines and are more easily serviced.
Cam followers or lifters have the capability to automatically adjust themselves,
removing any access clearance in the system. Maintain manufacturer recommended
engine oil service.
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